Entering Proto-Forms

Entering Proto-Forms in Sound Change Transducers

Use the following codes to enter phonemes:

Stops
	unvoiced		voiced		aspirated
	phone	code	phone	code	phone	code
labials	p	`p`	b	`b`	b^h	`bh`
dentals	t	`t`	d	`d`	d^h	`dh`
palatals	ḱ	`k/`	ǵ	`g/`	ǵ^h	`g/h`
velars	k	`k`	g	`g`	g^h	`gh`
labiovelars	k^ṷ	`kw`	g^ṷ	`gw`	g^ṷh	`gwh`

Laryngeals*	h₁	`h1`	h₂	`h2`	h₃	`h3`

* Use H for 'any laryngeal'.

Continuants**
	phone	code	phone	code
fricative	s	`s`
nasals	n	`n`	m	`m`
liquids	l	`l`	r	`r`
semivowels	i̭	`i`	ṷ	`u`

** Semivowels and syllabic resonants and laryngeals (ṷ r̥ n̥ H̥ etc.) are allophones determined by their environment (e.g. syllabics between consonants).
These are identified automatically and there is no need to specify them explicitly. For example: ios = i̭os and nmrtos = n̥mr̥tos.

Vowels***
	Front		Central		Back
	phone	code	phone	code	phone	code
High	i	`i`			u	`u`
Mid	e	`e`			o	`o`
Low			a	`a`

***	For long vowels use '=', e.g. e= stands for ē.
	For stress use '/', e.g. e/ stands for é.
	For stress and length use '=/', e.g e=/ stands for ḗ.
	The vowel a is included in the table and may be used regardless of the dispute concerning its reconstruction.

Notes:

You may also use hyphens to separate e.g. stems, suffixes and endings, but these are ignored in the analysis. Also, items between parentheses, and any characters not conforming to these conventions are automatically ignored.
The typographical conventions for the derived forms vary somewhat between the languages, although this does NOT affect the input conventions. Here are the differences between the languages represented:
- Greek: y stands for a high, front rounded vowel (as in German ü)
- Sanskrit: y stands for a semi-vowel glide (as in English yes), j stands for an affricate (as in English John)
- German: j stands for the glide, I have used c for the africate [ts], spelled <z> in German.
- Old Church Slavonic: y stands for the ultra-short u followed by the glide j, spelled originally <ы>

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